Emission standards pdf Canterbury
EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks IEA Clean Coal Centre – Emission standards and control of PM 2.5 from coal-fired power plant 3 Preface This report has been produced by IEA Clean Coal Centre and is based on a survey and analysis of published
SECTIONS 37 46 AND 96-THE AIR POLLUTION As amended by S.I
European emission standards Wikipedia. Table 10 US Tier 1 Emission Standards For Light-Duty Vehicles (Passenger Cars) And Light-Duty Trucks Of Up To 6000 Lbs. Gvwr Table 49 Japanese Off Road Vehicle Emissions Limits, 19-1-2017 · US EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Search Search. EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks . Glossary. Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles: Tier 2 Evaporative Emission Standards (PDF….
list of activities as contemplated in Section 21 (1 ){a) of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) and the minimum emission standards for these llsted activities as contemplated in Section 21 (3)(a) and (b) of the Act as set out in the Schedule hereto. Emission standards Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. Many e… Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
USEPA Emission Standards for Tier 1 - 3 engines Emission Standards (g/hp-hr) Engine Power (hp) Model Years Regulation HC a, d VHC b NOx a, d NMHC+NOx a CO a PM a 2016 2017 Worldwide Emissions Standards Passenger Cars and Light Duty . Type III Emissions of crankcase gases Standard: zero emission Type IV Evaporative Emissions See page 80 Type V Durability of anti-pollution devices See pages 5 …
This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide. emission standards for HDV. The proposal builds on and complements other existing EU mobility policy measures which affect the regulatory environment and incentivise low-emission mobility in the heavy duty vehicle sector, such as the Certification Regulation3, the Monitoring and Reporting
Overview of Air Quality and Emission Standards in South Africa Mercury Emissions Inventory Workshop 19 August 2011 . Presented by: Heinrich Wingrove 19-1-2017 · US EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Search Search. Main menu. EPA Emission Standards for Nonroad Engines and Vehicles . Glossary. Marine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (5 …
India’s own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. The foundation for automotive emission standards in India since the early 2000s is contained in two reports from the Indian Planning Commission. Emission standards for non-road spark ignition engines and equipment Non-road spark ignition engines and equipment (NRSIEE) can contribute significantly to air pollution in Australia, particularly in urban areas. The Australian Government is working towards introducing emission standards to reduce air
19-1-2017 · US EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Search Search. Main menu. EPA Emission Standards for Nonroad Engines and Vehicles . Glossary. Marine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (5 … LEV III Particulate Matter Standards . 24 . Light-duty vehicle PM emissions are less than 5% of the statewide PM 2.5 emission inventory, but can be a significant source o\൦ urban air pollution, especially near roadways.\爀屲Staff is proposing a 90 percent reduction in the PM standard in a two step pr對ocess for the following reasons
detailed information on global emission standards can be found. 1. Europe 1.1 Light-duty vehicles he European Union (EU) Stage 1–4 regula tions on emissions for new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles that were adopted through 2004 were replaced in 2007 by Stage 5 and 6 regulations (Table 1). he standards apply Emission Standards. The NOx and PM Law introduces emission standards for specified categories of in-use highway vehicles including commercial goods (cargo) vehicles such as trucks and vans, buses, and special purpose motor vehicles, irrespective of the fuel type. The regulation also applies to diesel powered passenger cars (but not to gasoline
Overview of Air Quality and Emission Standards in South Africa Mercury Emissions Inventory Workshop 19 August 2011 . Presented by: Heinrich Wingrove 2016 2017 Worldwide Emissions Standards Passenger Cars and Light Duty . Type III Emissions of crankcase gases Standard: zero emission Type IV Evaporative Emissions See page 80 Type V Durability of anti-pollution devices See pages 5 …
listing Codes, Standards, Practices and Guidelines related to Acoustic Emission, in the alphabetical sequence of the issuing organizations, as far as Vallen Systeme GmbH is aware of at release time. Vallen Systeme does not undertake any responsibility for the correctness and completeness of this list. This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide.
emissions standards and a standards regime for fuel efficiency for light vehicles. • There is an issue of whether Australian market petrol is of an appropriate quality, in terms of sulfur content (official legal levels are 50-150 ppm), to ensure these standards would achieve their desired objectives in field. Devising efficiency standards for fuel in order to effectively implement efficiency/emission standards. ! Resource mobilisation to fund such programmes. ! In case of heavy vehicles, emission standards in Bhutan will also be affected by the practices in India.
In-service emissions performance of Euro 6/VI vehicles
Vehicle Emission Standards Manufacturers of Emission. The amendments provide for the Tier III NO x standards to be applied to a marine diesel engine that is installed on a ship constructed on or after 1 January 2016 and which operates in the North American Emission Control Area or the U.S. Caribbean Sea Emission Control Area that are designated for the control of NO x emissions., process emission source locating in or significantly impacting upon a nonattainment area shall comply with the provisions of 1200-3-9-.01(5) prior to receiving a construction permit. (4) Regardless of the specific emission standards contained in this Chapter, all sources identified.
Non-road spark ignition engines and equipment. listing Codes, Standards, Practices and Guidelines related to Acoustic Emission, in the alphabetical sequence of the issuing organizations, as far as Vallen Systeme GmbH is aware of at release time. Vallen Systeme does not undertake any responsibility for the correctness and completeness of this list., Homepage>BS Standards>33 TELECOMMUNICATIONS. AUDIO AND VIDEO ENGINEERING>33.100 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)>33.100.10 Emission> BS EN 55032:2015 Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment. Emission Requirements.
ANNEX EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHTВ AND HEAVY-DUTY
emission performance standards for new heavyduty. A technical summary of Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards This briefing is a comprehensive technical overview of the Euro 6/VI vehicle emissions standards, which tighten limits on air pollutant emissions set in previous European standards and require the best technology currently available for vehicle emissions control. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Emission_standards list of activities as contemplated in Section 21 (1 ){a) of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) and the minimum emission standards for these llsted activities as contemplated in Section 21 (3)(a) and (b) of the Act as set out in the Schedule hereto..
design standards and emission limits while U.S. EPA's rules are source specific and, in most cases, limited to numerical emission standards. In some cases, comparisons can be made between emission standards and, in some cases, comparisons can only be made with restrictive caveats. The paper will present a comprehensive overview of the emission •In the absence of emission performance standards the current emission tests conducted during vehicle inspection are for advisory purpose and for data compilation.. •The emission test result is not a criteria for adjudging roadworthiness of vehicles (so long as …
applicable particulate emission standards in Section 9.09 of this regulation. (e) This section shall not apply to sources controlled by a venturi scrubber, provided that: (1) The source is tested annually for compliance with the applicable particulate emission standard … 2016 2017 Worldwide Emissions Standards Passenger Cars and Light Duty . Type III Emissions of crankcase gases Standard: zero emission Type IV Evaporative Emissions See page 80 Type V Durability of anti-pollution devices See pages 5 …
USEPA Emission Standards for Tier 1 - 3 engines Emission Standards (g/hp-hr) Engine Power (hp) Model Years Regulation HC a, d VHC b NOx a, d NMHC+NOx a CO a PM a European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in the European Union and EEA member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of …
Euro emissions standards were put in place to improve air quality and health. The Euro 6 standard imposes a reduction in exhaust emissions from car diesel engines. Get the full lowdown on the limits and the background to them... Homepage>BS Standards>33 TELECOMMUNICATIONS. AUDIO AND VIDEO ENGINEERING>33.100 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)>33.100.10 Emission> BS EN 55032:2015 Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment. Emission Requirements
AIR QUALITY & EMISSION STANDARDS OF INDIA & EUROPE Q) What is an air quality standard? Explain single or multistage standards? 4 mark Ans-Air quality standards-Air quality standards are legal limits placed on level of air pollutants in ambient air during a given period of time & thus define amount of exposure permitted to population or This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide.
applicable particulate emission standards in Section 9.09 of this regulation. (e) This section shall not apply to sources controlled by a venturi scrubber, provided that: (1) The source is tested annually for compliance with the applicable particulate emission standard … 2 Euro emission standards 2.1 European Union emission standards for light and heavy-duty vehicles New road vehicles sold in the EU must comply with European emission standards for several air polluting substances. In order to confirm compliance with these standards, the type approval of new vehicle types includes standardized
(LICENSING AND EMISSION STANDARDS) REGULATIONS Regulations by the Minister Statutory Instrument 141 of 1996 24 of 1997 1. These Regulations may be cited as the Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emission Standards) Regulations, and shall come into effect on the expiration of a period of ninety days after publication in the Gazette. Title and Euro emissions standards were put in place to improve air quality and health. The Euro 6 standard imposes a reduction in exhaust emissions from car diesel engines. Get the full lowdown on the limits and the background to them...
EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks . Glossary. Highway Motorcycles: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (1 pg, 80 K, March 2016, EPA-420-B-16-016) Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Emission Standards Reference Guide. and CO emission standards for light-duty vehicles (gasoline & diesel). These standards limit HC and CO emissions during vehicle operation at -7oC (20oF). Emissions are measured using only the first 800 seconds of the ECE urban driving cycle (Euro 3 cycle with sampling from key-on) at a test temperature of -7oC.
2016 2017 Worldwide Emissions Standards Passenger Cars and Light Duty . Type III Emissions of crankcase gases Standard: zero emission Type IV Evaporative Emissions See page 80 Type V Durability of anti-pollution devices See pages 5 … Emission standards for industrial boilers Emission standards for industrial boilers were issued on 8 May 2007. The regulations include limits for the emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (as nitrogen dioxide) and particulate matter from industrial boilers. These standards were to be met within a year of the decree being issued. Fuel types
in Ecuador must comply with the emission standards shown in this chart. Emission standards are measured using the U.S. FTP driving cycle for light-duty vehicles. Details on the FTP can be found under U.S. test cycles in this database. An 80,000 km durability requirement is associated with these standards. These light-duty vehicle standards are This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide.
Devising efficiency standards for fuel in order to effectively implement efficiency/emission standards. ! Resource mobilisation to fund such programmes. ! In case of heavy vehicles, emission standards in Bhutan will also be affected by the practices in India. emissions standards and a standards regime for fuel efficiency for light vehicles. • There is an issue of whether Australian market petrol is of an appropriate quality, in terms of sulfur content (official legal levels are 50-150 ppm), to ensure these standards would achieve their desired objectives in field.
Process Emission Standards
AIR QUALITY & EMISSION STANDARDS OF INDIA & EUROPE. EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks . Glossary. Highway Motorcycles: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (1 pg, 80 K, March 2016, EPA-420-B-16-016) Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Emission Standards Reference Guide., AIR QUALITY & EMISSION STANDARDS OF INDIA & EUROPE Q) What is an air quality standard? Explain single or multistage standards? 4 mark Ans-Air quality standards-Air quality standards are legal limits placed on level of air pollutants in ambient air during a given period of time & thus define amount of exposure permitted to population or.
Vehicle Emission Standards Manufacturers of Emission
Global Vehicle Emissions Standards Tables. A technical summary of Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards This briefing is a comprehensive technical overview of the Euro 6/VI vehicle emissions standards, which tighten limits on air pollutant emissions set in previous European standards and require the best technology currently available for vehicle emissions control., (whole vehicle emission testing), whilst Euro VI refers to Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) and buses (engine only emissions testing). In each case, the Euro standards set out emissions limits for type approval testing that control four ‘legislated’ emissions, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO.
2 Euro emission standards 2.1 European Union emission standards for light and heavy-duty vehicles New road vehicles sold in the EU must comply with European emission standards for several air polluting substances. In order to confirm compliance with these standards, the type approval of new vehicle types includes standardized European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in the European Union and EEA member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of …
process emission source locating in or significantly impacting upon a nonattainment area shall comply with the provisions of 1200-3-9-.01(5) prior to receiving a construction permit. (4) Regardless of the specific emission standards contained in this Chapter, all sources identified •In the absence of emission performance standards the current emission tests conducted during vehicle inspection are for advisory purpose and for data compilation.. •The emission test result is not a criteria for adjudging roadworthiness of vehicles (so long as …
Table 12: Tier 1 emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks, SFTP 85 Table 13: Tier 2 supplemental emission standards for passenger cars and light -duty trucks, 4000 mile SFTP 86 Table 14: Tier 3 Certification bin standards, FTP 86 Table 15: Tier 3 fleet average standards for NMOG+NOx (mg/km) 87 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for the new light commercial vehicles as part of the Union's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light -du ty vehicles and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 (recast) {COM(2017) 676 final} - …
Euro emissions standards were put in place to improve air quality and health. The Euro 6 standard imposes a reduction in exhaust emissions from car diesel engines. Get the full lowdown on the limits and the background to them... process emission source locating in or significantly impacting upon a nonattainment area shall comply with the provisions of 1200-3-9-.01(5) prior to receiving a construction permit. (4) Regardless of the specific emission standards contained in this Chapter, all sources identified
AIR QUALITY & EMISSION STANDARDS OF INDIA & EUROPE Q) What is an air quality standard? Explain single or multistage standards? 4 mark Ans-Air quality standards-Air quality standards are legal limits placed on level of air pollutants in ambient air during a given period of time & thus define amount of exposure permitted to population or design standards and emission limits while U.S. EPA's rules are source specific and, in most cases, limited to numerical emission standards. In some cases, comparisons can be made between emission standards and, in some cases, comparisons can only be made with restrictive caveats. The paper will present a comprehensive overview of the emission
This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide. LEV III Particulate Matter Standards . 24 . Light-duty vehicle PM emissions are less than 5% of the statewide PM 2.5 emission inventory, but can be a significant source o\൦ urban air pollution, especially near roadways.\爀屲Staff is proposing a 90 percent reduction in the PM standard in a two step pr對ocess for the following reasons
Table 12: Tier 1 emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks, SFTP 85 Table 13: Tier 2 supplemental emission standards for passenger cars and light -duty trucks, 4000 mile SFTP 86 Table 14: Tier 3 Certification bin standards, FTP 86 Table 15: Tier 3 fleet average standards for NMOG+NOx (mg/km) 87 1999 giving standards for Euro III (2000), IV (2005) and V (2008). In 2013 the Euro VI standard (defined in regulation 595/2009) will be put in to effect. The way in which the emission standards for heavy road vehicles in the EU have been stiffened over the years is shown in table 2. There are different standards for compres-
2 Euro emission standards 2.1 European Union emission standards for light and heavy-duty vehicles New road vehicles sold in the EU must comply with European emission standards for several air polluting substances. In order to confirm compliance with these standards, the type approval of new vehicle types includes standardized (LICENSING AND EMISSION STANDARDS) REGULATIONS Regulations by the Minister Statutory Instrument 141 of 1996 24 of 1997 1. These Regulations may be cited as the Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emission Standards) Regulations, and shall come into effect on the expiration of a period of ninety days after publication in the Gazette. Title and
•In the absence of emission performance standards the current emission tests conducted during vehicle inspection are for advisory purpose and for data compilation.. •The emission test result is not a criteria for adjudging roadworthiness of vehicles (so long as … Australia has had road vehicle emission standards for new vehicles in place since the early 1970s and these have been progressively tightened over the past 40 years. The current standards reflect Australia's commitment to harmonise with the vehicle standards developed by the United Nations wherever possible.
Table 12: Tier 1 emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks, SFTP 85 Table 13: Tier 2 supplemental emission standards for passenger cars and light -duty trucks, 4000 mile SFTP 86 Table 14: Tier 3 Certification bin standards, FTP 86 Table 15: Tier 3 fleet average standards for NMOG+NOx (mg/km) 87 Emission standards for industrial boilers Emission standards for industrial boilers were issued on 8 May 2007. The regulations include limits for the emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (as nitrogen dioxide) and particulate matter from industrial boilers. These standards were to be met within a year of the decree being issued. Fuel types
emission performance standards for new heavyduty
Rulemaking 2001 and Sub CA Evaporative Emission Standards. USEPA Emission Standards for Tier 1 - 3 engines Emission Standards (g/hp-hr) Engine Power (hp) Model Years Regulation HC a, d VHC b NOx a, d NMHC+NOx a CO a PM a, detailed information on global emission standards can be found. 1. Europe 1.1 Light-duty vehicles he European Union (EU) Stage 1–4 regula tions on emissions for new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles that were adopted through 2004 were replaced in 2007 by Stage 5 and 6 regulations (Table 1). he standards apply.
Vehicle Emission Standards. India’s own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. The foundation for automotive emission standards in India since the early 2000s is contained in two reports from the Indian Planning Commission., This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide..
A technical summary of Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards
European emission standards Wikipedia. Table 12: Tier 1 emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks, SFTP 85 Table 13: Tier 2 supplemental emission standards for passenger cars and light -duty trucks, 4000 mile SFTP 86 Table 14: Tier 3 Certification bin standards, FTP 86 Table 15: Tier 3 fleet average standards for NMOG+NOx (mg/km) 87 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:European_emission_standards Emission standards for non-road spark ignition engines and equipment Non-road spark ignition engines and equipment (NRSIEE) can contribute significantly to air pollution in Australia, particularly in urban areas. The Australian Government is working towards introducing emission standards to reduce air.
process emission source locating in or significantly impacting upon a nonattainment area shall comply with the provisions of 1200-3-9-.01(5) prior to receiving a construction permit. (4) Regardless of the specific emission standards contained in this Chapter, all sources identified EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks . Glossary. Highway Motorcycles: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (1 pg, 80 K, March 2016, EPA-420-B-16-016) Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Emission Standards Reference Guide.
This web page contains links to the Nonroad section of the Federal Emission Standards Reference guide. (3) Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 1).
emission standards for HDV. The proposal builds on and complements other existing EU mobility policy measures which affect the regulatory environment and incentivise low-emission mobility in the heavy duty vehicle sector, such as the Certification Regulation3, the Monitoring and Reporting Gap between Current Vehicle Emission Standards and Gasoline Quality Gaps in Australia, South Africa and parts of the CIS, Middle East and Latin America Legend: Emission standards do not match fuel standards Emission standards match fuel standards No emission standards No information Source: Stratas Advisors, April 2017
Euro emissions standards were put in place to improve air quality and health. The Euro 6 standard imposes a reduction in exhaust emissions from car diesel engines. Get the full lowdown on the limits and the background to them... applicable particulate emission standards in Section 9.09 of this regulation. (e) This section shall not apply to sources controlled by a venturi scrubber, provided that: (1) The source is tested annually for compliance with the applicable particulate emission standard …
in Ecuador must comply with the emission standards shown in this chart. Emission standards are measured using the U.S. FTP driving cycle for light-duty vehicles. Details on the FTP can be found under U.S. test cycles in this database. An 80,000 km durability requirement is associated with these standards. These light-duty vehicle standards are design standards and emission limits while U.S. EPA's rules are source specific and, in most cases, limited to numerical emission standards. In some cases, comparisons can be made between emission standards and, in some cases, comparisons can only be made with restrictive caveats. The paper will present a comprehensive overview of the emission
19-1-2017 · US EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Search Search. Main menu. EPA Emission Standards for Nonroad Engines and Vehicles . Glossary. Marine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (5 … design standards and emission limits while U.S. EPA's rules are source specific and, in most cases, limited to numerical emission standards. In some cases, comparisons can be made between emission standards and, in some cases, comparisons can only be made with restrictive caveats. The paper will present a comprehensive overview of the emission
design standards and emission limits while U.S. EPA's rules are source specific and, in most cases, limited to numerical emission standards. In some cases, comparisons can be made between emission standards and, in some cases, comparisons can only be made with restrictive caveats. The paper will present a comprehensive overview of the emission (3) Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 1).
Table 12: Tier 1 emission standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks, SFTP 85 Table 13: Tier 2 supplemental emission standards for passenger cars and light -duty trucks, 4000 mile SFTP 86 Table 14: Tier 3 Certification bin standards, FTP 86 Table 15: Tier 3 fleet average standards for NMOG+NOx (mg/km) 87 EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks . Glossary. Highway Motorcycles: Exhaust Emission Standards (PDF) (1 pg, 80 K, March 2016, EPA-420-B-16-016) Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Emission Standards Reference Guide.
Euro emissions standards were put in place to improve air quality and health. The Euro 6 standard imposes a reduction in exhaust emissions from car diesel engines. Get the full lowdown on the limits and the background to them... CALIFORNIA EVAPORATIVE EMISSION STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES. FOR 2001 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL MOTOR VEHICLES. The provisions of Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 86, Subparts A
India’s own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. The foundation for automotive emission standards in India since the early 2000s is contained in two reports from the Indian Planning Commission. Emission Standards. The following tables contain a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals—the dates for all vehicles are in most cases one year later. There are two sets of emission standards, with different type of testing requirements:
Australia has had road vehicle emission standards for new vehicles in place since the early 1970s and these have been progressively tightened over the past 40 years. The current standards reflect Australia's commitment to harmonise with the vehicle standards developed by the United Nations wherever possible. AIR QUALITY & EMISSION STANDARDS OF INDIA & EUROPE Q) What is an air quality standard? Explain single or multistage standards? 4 mark Ans-Air quality standards-Air quality standards are legal limits placed on level of air pollutants in ambient air during a given period of time & thus define amount of exposure permitted to population or
